Brave new world Essay Example for Free

Brave new world Essay Lenina, Foster and the Director all have been pre-conditioned to think of themselves better and more intelligent than Betas, Delta, Gammas, and Epsilons, as do all Alphas. And with good reason as Alphas are pre-conditioned to be more intellectual and socially better. This portrays a capitalist society with the different classes. Huxley deriving from an upper-middle class family this is understandable. In contrast to 1984, everybody is relatively the same. Proles and Party members are all treated the same and are regulated with telescreens and thought police moving amongst them. The views of Orwell have been diffused into the subject matter of 1984 as well as Huxleys into BNW, the difference and contrast being their views. Huxleys views of a class system and Orwell views that a socialist Britain was going to develop in light of Soviet Russia. When further comparing the authors style and subject matter of thinking for their characters, it is clear that they share relatively the same principles. Orwells language and style shows that the Party members and proles are sub-consciously trained to believe the ideals of the Party by propaganda. Posters, the two-minute hate, books, songs and newspapers all enforce the Party ideals and the people believe them for they have no other principles or ideals with which to compare. They assume that the Party is right in what it says. This refers back to the proles not having an individual consciousness away from party principles, as stated by Winston in the extract. Their thinking is basic and un-intellectual. Similarly, the thinking process in BNW is a result from training and conditioning. This time people are taught in their sleep (again sub-consciously like in 1984) what to think and what ideals/principles to hold. Their thinking is mechanic and standardised which holds parallels with the mechanic factories they were produced in. Again it is the case of two different methods producing the same result. The subject matter of the BNW extract shows humour which 1984 does not. The fact and process that leads to the Rocket Engineers only ever being truly happy when standing on their heads and that Decanting trauma can occur in comparison with real life birth trauma. Both of these examples from the extract are illustrations of the humour that Huxley injects into the novel at several intervals. With 1984 there are no humorous comments at all and so the subject matter keeps, at all times, an air of seriousness, whereas with BNW this air of seriousness, as a revolutionary novel, is broken from time to time by the humour. A main contrast that the two extracts highlight is the ideal of what both worlds are striving towards and are. In 1984 Winston describes the Partys ultimate aim as; The ideal set up by the Party was something huge, terrible and glittering a world of steel and concrete, of monstrous machines a nation All thinking the same thoughts, shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting, triumphing and persecuting three hundred million people all with the same face. This holds extreme parallels to the world that Huxley creates in Brave New World. A world where everyone has the same face paralleling with the mass producing of people that all look alike; shouting the same slogans, paralleling with the sleep taught sayings that everyone has a version of, whether youre an Alpha or Epsilon, a world of steel and concrete paralleling with the vast huge cities of BNW. It seems that 1984 is a world where a government is attempting to change the past and achieve a different world, whereas BNW is a world proud of its past and of sustaining its world. The two are exact opposites; BNW being what the Party is trying to create. The importance of the two extracts in the novels is high in that they are meant to shock the reader. Huxleys description of the manufacturing of people and Orwells description of a world that controls everything (even the past) and makes its people think whatever they like. Both extracts create a world in which the story is allowed to develop, they are the soil from which the seed is meant to grow. The 1984 extract has an added level to its importance as it shows that already Winston is part of the undead. It shows that Winston is doing exactly what hes not supposed to be and that if/when he is caught, the Party have got grounds on which to vaporise him. It shows the re-occurring principle in the novel that death is certain, and life is not. It shows that any chance of Orwells world changing, the Party being overthrown, is non-existent as any chance must lie in the proles but: Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious. This parallels with BNW as no-one there either wishes to change things, as they are content with their current life. Both extracts create these two worlds of unimaginable oppression whether its inhabitants realise it or not and the theme that runs throughout the comparison of the two novels and extracts is the same; that Orwell and Huxley both achieve relatively the same thing through different methods. They both achieve worlds of oppression and shock simply through different actual environments; as they did with making it that everyone thinks what the authorities wants them to think and that they have no interest in challenging this or any other aspect of their world. This being the case and both authors creating these future worlds of shock and astonishment are vital to the novels as this is what makes the novels so revolutionary for their time.

Sources Of Municipal Solid Waste In Delhi Environmental Sciences Essay

Sources Of Municipal Solid Waste In Delhi Environmental Sciences Essay India is the second most populated country a second fastest growing economy in the world. From the period of 2001-2026 the population of India is to increase from 1030 million to 1400 million, if we consider the increase rate to be 1.2 % annually then there will be an increase of 36% in 2026.accordingly about 285 million live in urban areas and about 742 million live in rural areas. (Census of India, 2001).In India urbanisation is becoming more because people are moving from villages to cities and there is a rapid increase in population in the metropolitan cities .Mumbai is the largest populated city followed by New Delhi and Kolkata. Generally, the greater the economic prosperity and the higher the percentage of urban population, the greater is the amount of solid waste produced (Hoornweg and Laura, 1999). In Hoornweg and Laura, 1999 1996 about 114,576 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste was generated by the urban population of India, by the end of 2026 it is predicted to increase to 440,460  tonnes/day This great increase in the amount of MSW generated is due to changing lifestyle and living standards urban population(Hoornweg and Laura, 1999). STUDY AREA Delhi is a very densely populated area and is the capital of India. Since Delhi is an urbanised city the annual growth rate is increasing very rapidly in the last decade the growth rate has increased by 3.85%. Delhi is the capital of India this tells us that it is the centre for commerce trade and power, since it is one of the largest cities and the capital it produces excellent job opportunities, which account for its rapid increase in its population and increased pace of urbanization. Due to the fast urbanisation and the growing population the production of municipal solid waste is also increasing very rapidly. According to a survey Delhi generates about 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste and this municipal waste is to ride about 17000-25000 tonnes/day by the year 2026.due to the rapid increase in the population and municipal solid waste the disposal of the waste has become a great head ache for the municipality in Delhi. Out of the waste gathered only 70-80% of municipal sol id waste is collected while the remaining is dumped onto streets or open ditches. Out of the 70-805 collected only 9% of the collected municipal solid waste is treated by composting the remaining is sent to the land fill sites. New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC), The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) are three municipal entities responsible for MSW management in Delhi. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008). IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES, TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE IN DELHI Sources and types of solid waste in Delhi: Residential:-the residence might be single family or multiple family dwellers the types of waste they produce are paper, food wastes , cardboard , leather, yard wastes, textiles, glass, special wastes, metals, plastics , ashes, wood and household hazardous wastes. Industrial: industries produce ashes, food wastes, packaging, special wastes, housekeeping wastes, construction and demolition materials and hazardous wastes. Commercial Institutional: they produce wood, metals, cardboard, glass, special wastes, Paper, food wastes, hazardous wastes. Municipal services: landscape and tree trimmings, Street sweepings, general wastes from beaches, parks, and other recreational areas, sludge. (Hoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999) Composition of waste: The population of Delhi is 13.9 million they produce 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste at the rate of 0.500 kg/capital/day and accordingly the population as well as the MSW in increasing by 2026 the municipal solid waste generated will increase to 17,000-25,000 tonnes/day. Because of the increase in the MSW the municipal body will face a lot of problem after composting and incineration they would still have to deal with a lot of waste and this waste would generally go to landfill sites. The characterisation of the waste by its type, composition and source is important this will make monitoring and management of solid waste easy. Based on this we can use different types of processes to dispose the solid waste. The following information will tell about the generation of MSW from various sources is Delhi in the year 2004. Source wise generation of the MSW (tonnes/day) in Delhi Sources MSW(Tonnes/day) Residential waste 3010 Industrial waste 502 Hospital waste 107 Main shopping centres 1017 Construction waste 382 Vegetable and fruit markets 538 Source 🙠 MCD, 2004) The Tata Energy Research Institute conducted a study in 2002 in Delhi to determine the physical and chemical composition of municipal solid waste. This study in 2002 tells us that the composition of MSW is not changed that much from the past decade. According to the study the major part of the MSW consists of biodegradables fallowed by other wastes. Physical composition (as wt. %) of MSW Chemical composition (as wt. %) of MSW Parameters 2002 Biodegradable 38.6 Inert 34.7 Glass and Crockery 1.0 Paper 5.6 Non-biodegradable 13.9 Plastic 6.0 Parameters 2002 Moisture 43.8 Phosphorus as P2O5 0.3 Organic carbon 20.5 nitrogen 0.9 C/N ratio 24.1 Calorific value (kCal/kg) 713.0 Source 🙠 TERI, 2002) The composition of MSW of an urban population depends on various factors like place location, climate, commercial activities, population, cultural activities, economic status if the residence and urban structure .Before we do anything we need to know the composition of the MSW so we can determine the best suited operations and equipment for the facilities that dispose of the MSW. There was a survey conducted by Municipal Corporation of Delhi to evaluate the composition and properties of MSW. This study involved the different places in Delhi where MSW was produces. The following table tells the details of the study Composition (as wt. %) of MSW generating from various sources in Delhi Parameters Food waste Recyclables Inert Others Moisture Ash content C/N ratio Lower CV (kcal/kg) Higher CV (kcal/kg) Residential waste 1.low income group 58.4 15.7 22.8 3.1 54 21.8 39 754-2226 2238-4844 2. Middle income group 76.6 21.2 0.5 1.7 65 6.3 30 732-1939 3415-6307 3.High income group 71.9 23.1 0.3 4.7 59 10.9 31 1300-1887 4503-5359 4. JJ Clusters (Slums) 69.4 14.1 15.8 0.7 63 15.6 46 204-1548 1582-4912 Vegetable markets 97.2 2.3 0.5 76 3.3 16 0-1309 3083-4442 Institutional areas 59.7 33.8 4 2.5 50 6.7 35 129-3778 2642-5459 Streets 28.4 12 56.1 3.5 19 56.7 51 1007-2041 1188-3289 Commercial areas 15.6 68 16.4 18 8.8 158 1815-4593 3373-6185 Landfills 73.7 9.2 10.8 6.3 47 15.3 38 191-4495 2042-5315 Source :- (MCD, 2004) RELEVANT REGULATIONS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA The major policies and legislative frameworks for the municipal solid waste management in Delhi are Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000: according to this policy there is a set process for the collection, sorting, storage, transportation and disposal of the MSW. The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and Amendment Rules, 2003:- bio-medical waste should be treated according to the standards of schedule v. The Delhi plastic bag (Manufacture, Sales and Usage) And Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2000: according to this plastic bags should be recycled and non-degradable plastic bags should not be dumped in public drains. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 and 2003:-there are limitations for the import and export of hazardous wastes and there should be proper handling and management of hazardous waste. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000) MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGENENT IN DELHI Primary collection and storage of MSW in Delhi According to the Delhi municipal corporation act 1957 the owners, tenants or the person who is occupying the residence, commercial or industrial area is responsible for the disposal of the MSW at a particular area provided by the municipal corporation. But this rule was changed in 2000 which stated that the collection of MSW would be from house to house because of this rule the municipality cooperation faced a lot of problem due to the rise in population as well as residential houses so doth the systems are being applied to collect MSW. The municipal cooperation of Delhi is getting awareness programs to help the citizens understand the need of segregating the municipal solid waste by placing two separate bins one for recycling materials and the other non-recycling materials. By doing this the municipality is reducing the work load and they can dispose of the material in an easy way without any fuss. The municipal authority has a schedule for the collection of the waste example a part icular area will have a particular day for the collection of MSW. The Delhi municipal authority provides a primary storage facilities like dustbins, metal containers that have different capacities ranging from 1m3 ,4m3,10m3 to 12-15 tonnes these containers are placed in locations that are easily accusable to people. The size of the containers that are place at a primary storage location depends on the amount of MSW being produced by the area and the population of the area. These metal containers and bins are emptied with the help of modern hydraulic collection trucks. In Delhi on an average there are 3-4 collection sites. The MCD has employed about 50,000 people for primary storage collection, 2600 for secondary storage collection and about 370 people foe sweeping the streets. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000) Transportation The MCD has many vehicles for the collection of primary and secondary storage waste. The MSD in its fleet contains refuse removal trucks, tractors and loaders they have about 100 vehicles to do the job. What these vehicles do is they collect the waste and take them to the landfill sites. Recycling and re-use Recycling and re-use of MSW is done in a widespread manner where waste pickers are employed as well as there are self employed waste pickers who collect the waste and sell them. How the system works is that these waste pickers and waste collectors gather waste from the residential areas, commercial areas, streets and landfill sites and they sell them to the dealers these dealers range from small, medium and large dealers. After the dealers purchase the materials they are sent to the recycling plant that is established by the government. The following table tells us at what rate the materials are sold (Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004) Prices of recyclable materials at different recycling levels Recyclable material Recyclable material Price at small recyclable dealer (Rs.) Price at medium recyclable dealer (Rs.) Price at large recyclable dealer (Rs.) Value added in the Process (%) Plastic PET bottles 1.75 2.25-2.50 3.75-4 121 Milk packets 5.5-6.5 6-7 8-8.50 37.5 Hard plastic like shampoo bottles, caps 7-7.25 9 10-10.5 41 Plastic thread, fibres, ropes, chair cane 6-7 8-8.50 10 67 Plastic cups and glasses 7-8 10-12 13-14 80 Paper White paper 3-3.25 3.75-4 5-6 76 Mix shredded paper 2-2.25 2.25-2.50 3-3.25 47 Cartons and brown packing Papers 2.25 2.50 3 33 Fresh newspaper 3-3.50 3.25-3.75 4.50-4.75 42 Tetra pack 1.75-2 2-2.25 2.75-3 53 Glass Broken glass 0.50 0.90-1 90 Bottles 2 2.25-2.50 19 Aluminium Beer and cold drink cans 40-45 43-48 75-85 88 Deodorant, scent cans 42-45 55-60 90-95 113 Aluminium foil 20-22 25-27 30-32 48 Other metals Steel utensils 20-22 25-27 30 43 Copper wire 70-75 80-85 95-100 35 Source 🙠 Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004) Composting: Coming to composting only 9% of the total MSW is composted the remaining 91% is sent to landfill sites. There are three places set up by the Delhi municipal authority for composting MSW where as two plants are set up at Okhala and the other one is set up at Bhalswa .These plant has a treatment capacity of 150 tonnes/day but they are not utilised to the fullest because of the cost. The treatment capacity of the plant at Bhalswa is 500 tonnes/day. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008) Incineration: The municipal cooperation of Delhi also tried incarnation they built an incineration plant with the help of a foreign company. But this was shut down immediately because the MSW did not have enough calorific value the minimum calorific value is between 1200-1400 kcal/kg. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008). Final disposal of MSW: Of the total amount of MSW collected 91% is sent to landfill. These landfill sites are located at the outskirts of the city. The land fill sites are the nearest available low line area or waste lands. The transfer of the MSW to these sites is by the vehicles that the Delhi municipality has. These landfill sites are chosen based only on availability and not on any other reason. These landfill sites are poorly maintained which arises a problem of health and safety as well as environmental concerns. There is another big issue because of the poor maintenance of the landfill sites there is a lot of leachate that is being produced mostly in the rainy season due to which the ground water as well as the river next to the landfill sites is getting contaminated. At these landfill sites with the help of bulldozers the MSW is levelled and compressed. The MSW is compressed to a layer of 2-5m and a covering is provided. At the binging there were 20 landfill sites that were created by the Delhi mun icipality out of which 15 are exhausted already. At present there are 3 landfill sites that are being operated one is at Gazipur it was started in 1984 , the other landfill site is located at Bhalswa it was started in 1993 ,the last operating land fill site is located in Okhala it was started in 1994. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008). HEALTH AND SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS Health and safety and environmental risks are a major concern in the MSW management in Delhi. The workers as well as the waste pickers are not provided with proper health and safety equipment like boots and gloves. The working conditions are unhygienic .the chance of transfer of infection is high and because of this if a worker gets sick he loses his wages. The workers are also not provided with medical insurance. The environmental risk is also high because the landfill sites are not maintained properly and the leachate gets leaked into the underground water as well as the river Yamuna .these issues should be looked into very carefully. IMPROVEMENTE We can improve these poor conditions by privatisation. We can let the private sectors help in the disposal of MSW. The Delhi municipal authorities can open the incineration plant and dispose the waste. They can also involve the local communities as well as the NGOs to help in the disposal of waste. The municipal authorities should identify a proper treatment technology. The authorities should increase standards of reuse and recycling of waste mainly composting. CONCLUSION With the rapid increase in population and fast urbanisation of Delhi the current policies and regulations want be sufficient for controlling the rapid increase in the MSW. Due to this the health and safety as well as the environmental risks are increasing .The municipal authorities of Delhi cannot keep up with the MSW that is being produced now but according to a prediction the MSW by 2026 is going to increase 4 folds if this happens the municipal authorities will be facing a lot of problem. Even the Delhi government has realised this and they are making changes in the form of master plans. The government is also approaching the public and private sectors for help like the citizens and the NGOs. First of all people should be educated on proper disposal of MSW. The government should see to that the master plans are being properly followed at all levels. Only by doing this the Delhi municipal authorities can keep the MSW in control. Referencing Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004. Municipal solid waste recycling and associated markets in Delhi, India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling Census of India,.2001 . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (GoI). [Online].available http://www.censusindia.net Hoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999. Working Paper Series Nr. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit. East Asia and Pacific Region. Page 5. [Online] http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/solid-waste-sources.html. Hoornweg, D., Laura, T., 1999. What a waste: solid management in Asia. Working Paper Series No. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, the World Bank, Washington, DC MCD, 2004. Feasibility study and master plan report for optimal solid waste treatment and disposal for the entire state of Delhi based on public and private partnership solution, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi, India. Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000.the gazette of India. [Online]. Available http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.html TERI, 2002.Performance Measurements of Pilot Cities, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008. State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India, Waste Management Volume 28, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1276-1287

The Use Of Dramatic Monologues

The Use Of Dramatic Monologues Compare the ways the poets develop a story through the use of dramatic monologues: in the poems The Man He Killed by Thomas Hardy, Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess, both by Robert Browning. In this essay I will be analysing the poems, The Man He Killed by Thomas Hardy and Robert Brownings My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover. My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover were both written in the Victorian era, and The Man He Killed was written just after Queen Victoria died. All of the poems, I am studying, are dramatic monologues, which are used by poets to portray their powerful emotions to the reader only through a single character. Dramatic monologues usually deal with issues that are of controversial nature, which are shocking and create drama and suspense through the poets use of dramatic language. My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover are both set in the 19th century; both monologues focus on the views of the patriarchal Victorian society, dominated and often corrupted by powerful men. Women were not allowed to voice their opinions or disobey the forceful male authority, which controlled them. Disobedience meant ruthlessly harsh and terrible consequences. This abuse of power is well illustrated in My Last Duchess, in which the Duke, a man of power and command, misunderstands his wife and conflicts harsh treatment upon her. We know that the Duke is powerful as he has the power to kill his wife without being suspected: I gave commands. /Then all smiles stopped altogether line 45/46. This is dramatic as the Duke abuses his power to rid himself of his innocent misunderstood wife. Moreover, this is shocking to the audience as a man who people believe to be virtuous, exploits his authority, in addition, he murders a naà ¯ve woman whose only crime was being appreciative and pleased for her life. The Duke describes the Duchess as beautiful, kind-hearted and easily pleased by small things. The Duke believed that instead of being cheerful to everyone she meets, the Duchess should have behaved in a more regal manner; spot of joy is a metaphor for blushing meaning that other men could easily make the Duchess blush, probably by complimenting her beauty, she thought they were just being kind however the cynical Duke considered it as flirting and disapproved of her reactions to such remarks, he says that she had a heart too soon made glad. Throughout the poem, Browning uses caesuras which suggest that the Duke was hiding something or pausing to think, this indicates that the Duke was apprehensive when he was talking about his wife; this can also suggests that the Duke did not know his wife and therefore could not easily describe her. In line 45, I gave commands/Then all the smiles stopped together, we learn that the Duke ordered the assassination of his wife, he casually informs the silent listener about how he murdered his wife. Furthermore, he is boasting about it, expressing no regret at her death but focusing on the artistry of the artist for catching her expression. The is Duke callous, he is not poignant for her death; he tries to presents his pleasant side towards the audience, nevertheless though his speech the reader can see that he is very jealous and devious. When she was alive the Duke could not control her smile and did not understand her love for him therefore he considered her to be unfaithful. The Duke likes the smile in the painting as he can control it and only he can receive it as he owns the painting and it is placed behind a curtain, hence he controls who she smiles at. This to the audience is shocking as a woman is treated like an object. The Dukes controlling behaviour can be compared with the lovers in Porphyrias Lover as he too had a peculiar approach towards his love. The unnamed lover transforms from being passive to controlling towards the end of the poem when he brutally murders Porphyria to ensure that Porphyria would only belong to him. Porphyrias Lover seems like a typically romantic poem; however it reveals shocking and horrific elements as in this poem a wealthy, high-class lady (seeking comfort and love) has an affair with a poor low-class man, who unjustly murders her. The unnamed lover knew that society would not let them be together, therefore, he decides to be with his lover forever in death. Dramatic phases like: Three times her little throat around, /And strangled her, are used to create shock in the readers mind. This quote is very dramatic and powerful as this act was a murder, which the reader witnesses. This would create shock and horror within the readers mind. It would also make the reader curious as the reader would want to know why the unnamed lover murdered Porphyria when she truly did love him. The main issues that are dealt within this poem are class differences; different classes had to keep separate, however a forbidden love was blooming midst this diverged society. This was considered as unacceptable and would have never been supported in the society at that time. They knew that society will not allow their affair to continue therefore the lover makes the decision that in order to keep Porphyria with him he would have to kill her. By killing Porphyria, the lover seeks to stop time and preserve the moment of love that they share. They cannot be together vainer ties dissever as Porphyria cannot break free from her wealthy friends, as she was too weak, thus the lover decides that he would kill her in a deranged attempt to be together forever. Through this dramatic monologue Robert Browning brings out an issue that was evident during the time, but one that was overlooked and secreted. Browning wrote this to show that women, in the Victorian society, trod on a fine line betw een possessing a life and being impressionable objects denied of any rights. Both My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover convey the same form of love; a love based on jealousy and possession. Both speakers of the monologues are possessive of their love and murder their love in order to ensure that they remain faithful to them only and do not fraternise with any other males in the society. Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess are both about possessive, psychotic men who murder their love. In both poems, the two speakers kill their lovers based on what their individual psychosis caused them to see; however, what the two speaker saw was different, due to this the reason and the way the two speakers kill their love is different. Even though the speakers attitudes between the lovers are different in both poems, both the Duke and the unnamed lover are unable to deal with their feeling realistically or appropriately. They both neglect the womens feelings and physical wellbeing in favour of their own selfish love. In both monologues the women were seen as a prize that could be gained. In My Last Duchess, the Duke tries to win over the Duchess by presenting her with lavish gifts, however that was not enough to win her love. The Duke believed that the Duchess did not see him as nothing special or important: but who passes /Much without the same smile he deduces this as she did not have a special smile for him. He thought that his greatest gift to her was his gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name. Nevertheless, the Duchess did not believe that she should treat the Duke superior to anyone else and due to this the Duke considered that she was ungrateful to be married to a wealthy, influential man like him. The attitudes shown in the two poems are very different, whereas hardy creates a modest, baffled character who feels very guilty, brownings Duke is a vain, proud man who has killed his wife in a premeditated manner. Both poem are about killing, the solider feels very guilty for his actions; evident, when he says I shot him dead because†¦ that was clear although.. his guilt is evident as he is questioning his own actions, this strikingly contrasts the Dukes attitude who is relatively content about murdering his wife as he believes that it was the right thing to do to protect his familys honour. All three poems are developed around the theme of murder and killing. Hardys character feels liable for the death of a stranger; however, both of Brownings characters are unconcerned about the death of their beloved. †¦cottagedripping cloak and shawl†¦soiled gloves†¦ lines 9, 11, 12 this quote is dramatic as it shows that the man porphyria has an affair with is a poor low-class man as he lives in a cottage. The dramatic theme comes in as we find out that Porphyria is a rich, wealthy lady who can afford expensive garments. This would create a powerful impact on the audience as in Victorian times rich and poor never mixed. It was highly unusual for rich people to even touch a low classed person; nevertheless porphyria breaks all societys rules and dares to have an affair with the low classed man. Necromancer -people messing with dead bodies The lover believes that he was right in his decision in killing Porphyria and justifies his actions as they were performed with the pure intention God has not said or done anything. Furthermore, he believes that he made the right decision as Porphyria let him kill her. She did not struggle or resist therefore he believed that he made reasonable decision. It is arguable that she agreed with his decision as she loved him and she let him do anything he wanted with her. The poem is of hopeless love and disturbing death. Lines 21-25, the lovers cannot be together as Porphyria is already committed to someone else. She is probably married or engaged and thus she is committing adultery. This is shocking to the Victorian society as the young woman is betraying her family by fraternising with the low classed man. The poem is deplorable to the audience of the time as the young woman takes off her clothes in front of a stranger: †¢ She begins to expose herself: he is morose even though she is elegant and beautiful †¢ Now HE has the power †¢ He dehumanises her by referring to her as it. †¢ He reassures himself again: states she wanted to die Browning uses contrast a kind gentle wife and a cunning suspicious husband. The Duke has an avaricious personality. In the monologue, the Duke is shown as an insane and sick man with absolute power, utterly remorseless, a man unable to express love or pleasure; this is the description of a dangerous monster. This also shows that the Duke could not see the value of love and friendship; he only wishes to own all that is rare and unique Notice Neptune†¦a rarity/Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me! This quote shows that the Duke had a taste for collecting pieces of rare art; this shows the reader that in the Dukes view his wife was merely another item in his possession, an ornament to him which increased his status within society. When he felt that the Duchess might cause him to stoop he decided that it was better to kill her than let her destroy his reputation with her trifling. Does not have skill in speech- which I have not- only has skill in power and force. The Duke is powerful as he does not need the dowry from his new Duchess, dowry will be disallowed this shows the reader that the Duke is very wealthy and powerful. Furthermore, in the next few lines of the monologue, we discover that to the powerful Duke the new Duchess would be just another possession, his fair daughters self†¦is my object and Notice Neptune, though, /Taming a sea-horse, This quote shows that the Duke believes that the Dukes daughter will become his new ornament, he also implies the fact that she will be tamed just as Neptune, the god of the sea tames a wild seahorse. This shows that the Duke considers himself to be superior to anyone else and believes that he has had power over all who enter his realm. Thomas Hardy wrote the poem, The Man He Killed, demonstrating the effect war has upon soldiers and how war changes friend into a foe. The Man He Killed reveals the speakers feelings about killing another innocent soldier during the battle. The poem is dramatic as the single speaker mentions how much they both had in common; he thought hed list off hand just as I, this quote justifies the other mans innocence. The poem is dramatic because the audience is shocked by the speakers sense of regret about his own behaviour. The poem is highly ironic as the speaker mentions that war is quaint and curious. He is saying that war is strange because people want to join the army to satisfy their curiosity, only to find that they kill innocent people who are just like them. The drama of the monologue reveals that the soldier does not understand the seriousness or the purpose of war, You shoot a fellow down the speaker does not know why it is right to murder innocent people. This is further emphasised when the speaker move on to show his confusion as he does not know the reason he killed the other man; I shot him because because, the repetition of because and the use of the hyphen indicate a pause to show that the young soldier is still living in a state of shock. The speaker believes that the innocent young man he killed probably joined the army for the same reason as him- to get some money so that they could live appropriately. However, the soldier did not know that the glamorous life that the army showed them would be cursed. The government made the army look exotic and exciting as the men had the opportunity to go abroad. In the readers viewpoint this would be shocking as in that period, people believed that the government went to save the people, not kill them. Visiting abroad, at the time, was only available to wealthy, who could afford to spend a large sum of money on luxury. Moreover, the speaker believes that money is the bane of life as he had to kill to earn it this shows the reader that the speaker, unlike the Duke, was not driven by money or the power that originates from it; however, just the two other monologues, in this monologue someone dies due to class distinctions and misunderstandings.

Urban Consolidation :: essays papers

Urban Consolidation Factors and Fallacies in Urban Consolidation: Introduction As proponents of urban consolidation and consolidated living continue to manifest in our society, we must ensure that our acknowledgment of its benefits, and the problems of its agitator (sprawl), do not hinder our caution over its continually changing objectives. Definition Like much urban policy, the potential benefits that urban consolidation and the urban village concept seek to offer are substantially undermined by ambiguous definition. This ambiguity, as expressed through a general lack of inter-governmental and inter-professional cohesion on this policy, can best be understood in terms of individual motives (AIUSH,1991). * State Government^s participatory role in the reduction of infrastructure spending. * Urban Professional^s recognition of the increased variability, robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work. * Conservation Activist^s commendation of the lower consumption of resources, and reduced pressure on sensitive environment areas, suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl. * The Development Industry^s equations of profit established through better and higher levels of land use. Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of either population or dwellings in an existing defined urban area (Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establish this intensification within a more specific agenda, in which community is to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to be widened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998). The underlying premise of this swing towards urban regeneration, and the subsequent debate about higher-density development, is the reconsideration of the suburban ideal and the negative social and environmental implications inherent in its continuation (Johnson, 1994). In reference to this regeneration is the encouragement of greater community participation, a strengthening and broadening of urban life and culture, and a halt to physical, environmental and economic decline (Hill,1994). Myths and Misunderstanding The relative successes of practical solutions to the urban consolidation model are constrained within the assumptions underpinning them. Appropriating community desire towards a more urban lifestyle ignores the basic fact that people chose to live in the suburbs (Stretton,1975). Suburbia as an ideal, is a preference based on perpetual stability, be it though neighbourhood identity or the act of home ownership ^ a view not reflected in planning models heavily biased towards highly mobile societies. Cost benefits deemed to be provided by higher-density living, in terms of more efficient use of infrastructure, are realized primarily in the private sectors (Troy,1998). A result inconclusive to State government objectives towards reduced public spending. Traffic reduction as an expressed direct result of higher-density residential living is largely incorrect. A falsehood achieved by using density as a substitute for sociological variables such as income, household size, and lifestyle characteristics (Moriarty,1996). Traffic reduction stems primarily from a decision to drive (Engwight,1992), a

Balancing Inequality Essay -- Education

The California public school system is failing in educating children state-wide. One of the most difficult problems is budget, which affects tremendously children in poor areas. Children from these areas should have equal access to resources, programs and opportunities as those from more propitious communities. In order to close the gap of inequality, we all need to change the way California school system’s funding is allocated and put into use. First, we must increase the income tax of the richest people or the top two tax brackets and divide that extra tax money we collected to public schools in poor areas. This idea was mentioned in a research by professor Picus from University of California Rossier School of Education. Although the idea does not sound very fair to the richest people, it is what needs to be done for California school system to improve statewide. The gap of expenditure per student in higher and low-income districts is too great. According to Just Schools California, districts like Palo Alto spend more than $10,000 per pupil, while largely low-income communities like Lynwood spend around $6000 per pupil. There are rich people who donate a large amount of money to schools every year because they have a lot of extra money and they like to do their part for the society. In fact, the wealthiest Californians have a lot of extra cash even after they bought their Lamborghinis and holiday mansions. Increase the inc ome tax of these people by as little as 1% or 2% will not affect them much, but will benefit a lot to all Californian students, especially those in the poor areas. The reason this extra money will be given to only schools in low-income areas is because the current taxes on wealthier areas is high enough to gi... ..., we could provide every child in California with a better education and equality. Works Cited Picus, Lawrence O. Funding California's Schools: Past, Present and Future? Rep. 2006. Print. "$1B in Teacher Compensation under Attack | California Watch." California Watch | Bold New Journalism. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. . "Prop 13 Facts | Close the Loophole." Close the Loophole | Close the Prop. 13 Loophole. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. . Moore, Michael. Idiot Nation. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. By Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 8th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 128-46. Print. Conditions, Opportunities and Outcomes in California Public Schools. UCLA IDEA & UC/ACCORD, Jan. 2010. PDF.

A Good Life Does Not Have to Be Complex Essay

A good life is defined differently for everyone. Our parents, friends, and the media all comprise a vision that we see as the best way of experiencing our lives. This is different for every person, because nobody follows the exact same path in life, and events influencing someone’s existence are what eventually set the course for one‘s perception of a good, fulfilling, purposeful life. In the cases of some, a good life does not have to be complex. A modest life is often more fulfilling as a busy, complicated lifestyle. Although I don’t necessarily agree that my life would be better if it were suddenly made much simpler, there are people in the world who believe that the best thing one could ask for is simplicity. Taoists are a wonderful example of people who prefer a less-complex life in favour of a simplistic one. Taoism, a Chinese philosophy we learn about and touch upon in the story â€Å"Substance, Shadow, and Spirit†. Substance represents the body, shadow represents fame, and spirit is self explanatory. In the story we learn that someone who chooses to stress substance in their life would spend much of their time gathering material possessions. Their priority in life would be trying to preserve it through building monuments that last beyond their own life span. Someone who chooses to emphasize shadow doesn’t care much about their life being preserved through time. They know eventually it will all slip away and focus on doing things that other people will praise. One who lives by the spirit does not concern themselves with noble deeds. They seem more interested in self-fulfillment as opposed to what others think about them. When you eliminate certain superficial factors that our society puts too much emphasis on, life gets a whole lot simpler. Buddhists are another great example. Choosing to eliminate the need for desires through self-discipline is what it emphasizes. Desires such as material possessions are not nearly as important to a Buddhist living in China as say the average North American. The lack of want for physical objects arguably makes a persons life a lot simpler. When you don’t have to stress or worry about having the latest phone, most money or nicest car – it makes living seem like less of a competition. Spirituality and understanding yourself better are far more important to a Buddhist then other trivial things people in our society don’t need to spend so much effort worrying about. Instead of â€Å"keeping up with the Jones’s† and worrying yourself with what you think you need, your focus can be on more important things like people and relationships. In conclusion, I do not necessarily believe a humble existence is the â€Å"best† way to live and it is most definitely not for me. I am content with my way of life, but I share some of the views that the people I mentioned do. I believe more emphasis should be put on the great memories and times you can have with people, because these things are much more valuable than a thing you can own. I don’t mean to preach, and I’m not declaring how much happier I would be if I rid myself of everything I own and moved to Tibet. I don’t think I have the self discipline or the desire to live in such a simple manner, but with hundreds of millions of Buddhists and Taoists around the world, the simple life is what they choose – and it works just fine for them.

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Essay

Freud’s latency period theory is accurate, because these years are mainly focused on social interaction with others (Friedman & Schustack, p. 72, 2012). This stage is not considered to be a stage of the psychosexual development; rather the energy is put into other activities such as sports, school, and social interaction with their peers (Stevenson, 1996). During the latency period the libido is suppressed and this is the most important time for the development of social skills (â€Å"Freud’s Psychoanalysis: A Revolutionary Approach†, 2012). Freud theorized at this time a child goes through â€Å"infantile amnesia† it is when the child forgets the unwanted memories that may be deemed as traumatic for him/her (â€Å"Definition: Latency Period†, n.d.). If there is anything that went amiss this is when it will start to show-up in the personality (â€Å"Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development†, n.d.). Genital stage of psychosexual devel opment is the last phase in Freudian theory. This stage starts at the onset of puberty and goes into adulthood (â€Å"Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Development†, n.d.). Previous stages were mainly on individual accomplishments and learning one’s place in the family as well as in society. Individuals normally start to develop sexual desires for the opposite sex at the beginning of this stage and last until death (Cherry, n.d.). It is of the most importance that there are no problems with the other stages, if some issues were not resolved in the other stages; more than likely it will carry over into the final stage and can lead to severe psychological problems for the adult (The Science Museum, 2004). Some things about Freudian theory are understandable, but there are certain aspects of it that a person would disagree on. For instance the Phallic stage is when â€Å"the child is focused on the genitals† (Friedman & Schustack, p. 69, 2012). Children at that age are too young to understand things in a sexual way. If a child does understand things like that at that age; a person would rightfully be thinking that something traumatic has happ ened to the child to lead the child into that kind of behavior such as masturbation. Starting at around age two a child enters the Anal stage (Friedman & Schustack, p. 68, 2012). Children as well as adults need relief, when you need to go you need to go; they as in children do not understand let alone are capable of using the bathroom unless they are properly trained to do so. If a child does try to hold –it in; that would be an indicator that the parents are not doing something right in the first place. Scolding a child for not going at a certain time, may be an indicator, if the child is trying to holding it in. There are five different stages of Freudian theory and each with its own sets of personal characteristics, depending on if a person becomes fixated at a certain stage. Oral stage is the first stage, it is said that if a person becomes fixated at this stage they may develop behaviors such as, dependency, attachment, and always having something in their mouth, such as chewing gum, and tobacco products (Friedman & Schustack, p. 68, 2012). Anal stage of development is said to include behaviors such as concern with neatness, order, and organization. They might also like bathroom humor jokes and the like (Friedman & Schustack, p.69, 2012). Phallic stage is mainly concerned with developing sexual relationships and can have a profound effect on these kinds of relationships. If the problems are not resolved before a person establishes this kind of relationship with someone else (Friedman & Schustack, p. 70, 2012). Latency period can have an impact negative effects on behavior as well just like any other stage of development. Even though this period is not included in the psychosexual stages of development (Friedman & Schustack, p. 72, 2012). Genital stage of development is the last stage in the Freudian theory; problems can arise because of unresolved issues in the other stages or can also develop in this stage under the right circumstances. Defense mechanisms are an attribute that a lot of people have to help deal with things that may be too hard to bear otherwise (Friedman & Schustack, p. 75, 2012). Repression is one of the coping mechanisms that are used by someone who has been traumatized, such as sexual abuse or witnessing a horrible event such as a violent death of someone close to them. Denial is another form of coping, though it is unhealthy.